Continuative (ren'youkei)
Continuative / ren'youkei
Production Rules:
|
Rule |
Meaning |
Plain Affirmative |
[い-stem] [i-stem] |
[do] and; [doing] |
Inflection Examples:
|
Plain Affirmative |
食べる taberu (to eat) |
食べ tabe |
話す hanasu (to speak) |
話し hanashi |
歩く aruku (to walk) |
歩き aruki |
泳ぐ oyogu (to swim) |
泳ぎ oyogi |
呼ぶ yobu (to call) |
呼び yobi |
飲む nomu (to drink) |
飲み nomi |
死ぬ shinu (to die) |
死に shini |
作る tsukuru (to make) |
作り tsukuri |
待つ matsu (to wait) |
待ち machi |
洗う arau (to wash) |
洗い arai |
Irregulars:
|
Plain Affirmative |
する suru (to do) |
し shi |
来る kuru (to come) |
き ki |
Usage Notes & Examples:
- This form functions as a continuative, similar in use to the
-te form. It is more literary
sounding, and more apt to be used in writing (particularly formal
writing) than in speech. The interpreted tense of the continuative
is relative to the main verb which completes the sentence.
- お手紙を読み、すぐに返事を書きました。
o-tegami wo yomi, sugu ni henji wo kakimashita.
I read your letter and immediately wrote a reply.
- This form is used to create compound verbs, and to attach many
different verb endings. It's Japanese grammatical name is
連用形 (ren'youkei). It is often called the "masu" stem, after the
most common verb ending that attaches to it. The "masu" endings
have a historical conjugation pattern, and a special place in verb
usage, so they are broken out on these pages as the "polite form".
Compound verbs are created by attaching another verb to
this form. The resulting verb's meaning is not always predictable
from its two parts. In addition to established compound verbs, there
are many productive suffixes (verbs and others) that may be attached
to the ren'youkei. These are delineated in the Expressions section
below.
- In many verbs, this form is also, by itself, a noun related to the
verb. This does not hold for all verbs, so you must learn these nouns
on a case by case basis.
- 始め (hajime) beginning, from 始める (hajimeru) to begin
- 騒ぎ (sawagi) uproar, commotion, from 騒ぐ (sawagu) to make a disturbance
Occasionally in nouns formed from this pattern, the okurigana
has disappeared when writing the noun form:
- 話 (hanashi) story, talk, from 話す (hanasu) to speak
- 係 (kakari) official, person in charge, from 係る (kakaru) to concern, to involve
Expressions
All the expressions below are formed by adding the suffix presented to
the ren'youkei form of a verb. Where the result forms a verb, generally
that verb may be conjugated normally. Other expressions form adjectives,
na-adjectives, nouns, and are used accordingly.
-sou
- -やすい (-yasui): Easy to do.
Note that "yasui" as an adjective by itself means "cheap"
not "easy" as in "easy to do something". For the latter
meaning, the correct adjective is "yasashii".
- -にくい (-nikui): Hard to do.
- -たて (-tate): Freshly done, just done.
- -ごこち (-gokochi): Feels good to do.
- -かねる (-kaneru): Unable/reluctant to do; might happen.
This is a frequently misused expression, even by native speakers.
The reason is that it has the negative connotation of inability
or reluctance already built in, so when negated it flips back
to a positive meaning again. Still, it will often be negated
where the speaker meant the original sense. It's similar to
how English speakers say "I could care less" when they mean
"I couldn't care less".
In the negative [i-stem] + kanenai it means that there is a
danger or possibility that the adverse situation expressed by
the verb may come to pass.
See this JeKai entry
for a further discussion of this expression.
- -果てる (-hateru): Come to an extreme.